World War I in Perspective – America’s First Working Class Anti-War Movement. According to The Veteran, local chapters from across the country came together. Behind the Anti-War Protests That Swept America in 1968 Anti-war demonstrators picketing in front of the White House on Jan. 19, 1968. The suspended students did not return to school until after New Year's, past the end of their planned protest. As protests intensified that summer, Johnson sought to ignore them. The flag at New York's City Hall was flown at half-staff to honor the Kent State students. The Kent State killings brought tensions in a divided America to a new level. Click the title for location and availability information. We must name it, describe it, analyze it, understand it, and change it. “They never lynched me, they didn’t put no dogs on me, they didn’t rob me of my nationality, rape and kill my mother and father," he said of the Vietnamese. Protesters burn their draft cards outside the Pentagon in 1972. The Vietnam war was in full force, and students across the country were in an outrage. to. Vietnam protesters outside the U.S. Capitol in 1971. Berkowitz, William. The Anti-Vietnam War movement included striking examples of nonviolent direct action. U.S. strategy to prevent this included a chain of events that re… On the day of the protest, administrators told the students to remove the armbands or they would be suspended. At least one school, Ohio University, shut down in May 1970 as student protests continued. On May 14, 1970, a group of student protesters against the Vietnam War, specifically the United States invasion of Cambodia, were confronted by city and state police. The Vietnam War and Anti-War Protests: The Parallels Between University of Oregon Student Protests, and One Veteran’s Experience as the Result of President Johnson’s Entanglements with the War (1962-1969) A Research Paper Courtney Flowers HC421: The University in Peace and War 03-14-05 . In this volume, Bello describes the protests and student strike that occurred in the aftermath of the Cambodian invasion and shootings at Kent State University. Protests were initially peaceful and included sit-ins or teach-ins or marches, but they eventually erupted into violence. His case would eventually make it the Supreme Court, where his conviction would be overturned in 1971. First coordinated nationwide protests against the Vietnam War included demonstrations in New York City (sponsored by War Resisters League, Fellowship of Reconciliation, Committee for Nonviolent Action, the Socialist Party of America, and the Student Peace Union and attended by 1500 people), San Francisco (1000 people), Minneapolis, Miami, Austin, Sacramento, Philadelphia, Chicago, Washington, Boston, … New York : Oliver Layton Press, 1966. Words. The Anti-Vietnam War movement gained traction in 1964, and reached its peak during the 1960’s. Students Allison Krause (19), Sandy Scheuer (20), Jeffrey Miller (20), and William Knox Schroeder (19) were killed. Nixon's awkward efforts at early morning reconciliation seemed to have fallen flat. But it was an April 1965 march on Washington that solidified SDS’s place in history. ThoughtCo uses cookies to provide you with a great user experience and for our. Protests against the war continued at various locations around the country. Students weren’t the only ones to get involved in the anti-war movement. How anti-Vietnam War protests thwarted Nixon’s plans and saved lives Robert Levering Thank you for your interest in republishing this story. So the general will of Americans combined with the proper strategy made the government stopped the war. Feelings about the war continued to intensify. Check this out: Vietnam Commemorates the 50th Anniversary of the My Lai Massacre. The Legacy of the Vietnam Anti-War Movement 2018 marked the 50th anniversary of the fiercest and most deadly year of the Vietnam War. I am an old soldier. The massive Women’s March didn’t end the outrages of our tweeting president. Ad Choices, 6 Legendary Vietnam-Era Anti-War Movement Protests Everyone Should Know. Muhammad Ali (right) points to a newspaper headline about Vietnam War protests in 1966. On October 15, 1969, a nationwide "moratorium" was held to protest the war. According to a 1975 New York Times article, the CIA had already been looking into Kitt since the 1950s. Joan Baez at a 1965 antiwar rally in London. Around 10,000 'chanting, banner-waving and singing demonstrators paraded in Queen St (Auckland)'. Body of protester shot dead at Kent State. But this horrible tragedy is not the only moment of protest worth remembering from the Vietnam War era, which spanned the presidencies of Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson, and Richard Nixon. Please watch the video and answer the following questions in 1 sentence per question. All rights reserved. Anti-Vietnam War Protests Late 1960s and early 1970s were a time that saw the rise of protest movements across Australia. The administration of Lyndon B. Johnson sent the first American combat troops to Vietnam: a contingent of Marines, who arrived on March 8, 1965. When America started its participation in the Vietnam War, very few people objected to it. On August 9, 1965, Johnson briefed members of Congress about the war and claimed there was "no substantial division" in the nation regarding America's Vietnam policy. But it is often students, specifically those in college, who are best remembered for their activist work of the era — and not just for the tragedy at Kent State. The principle of stopping the spread of communism in its tracks made sense to most Americans, and few people outside the military paid much attention to what at that time seemed like an obscure and distant land. The protest was attacked by a violent mob of constructions workers swinging clubs and other weapons in what became known as "The Hard Hat Riot.". According to a 1965 article from The New York Times (which noted that the SDS was “left-leaning but non-communist”), the group picketed the White House and prepared a petition to present to Congress to stop the war. You can find all of … Massive crowds protested against the war. Members of the Military Police stand guard over protestors during a sit-in at the Mall entrance to the Pentagon, Washington DC, October 21, 1967. Against a backdrop of such disturbing and discouraging news, the Kennedy administration continued to send American advisers to Vietnam. Celebrities, veterans, parts of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, feminists, the Gay Liberation movement, the labor movement, and so many more were involved in anti-war activities during the Vietnam War. “We must name that system. From Bob Dylan to the Beatles, a number of notable music artists penned tunes that criticized the United States involvement in perhaps the least supported war by the American public. “The Selective Service is for organized violence,” Keyes told the Times. The newspaper described the protest as something of a genteel social event, noting "Beards and blue jeans mixed with Ivy tweeds and an occasional clerical collar in the crowd.". “You send the best of this country off to be shot and maimed,” Kitt told the First Lady, whose husband, President Johnson, had overseen the U.S. efforts in Vietnam transformed from support and advice to full-scale war. The protests against the Vietnam War were a series of demonstrations against American involvement in the conflict between North and South Vietnam. Americans were comfortable supporting the anti-communist side. In April 1967, heavyweight boxing champion Muhammad Ali refused to be inducted into the U.S. military through the draft, which resulted in him losing his boxing license and being effectively exiled from the world of boxing, where he was king, from 1967 to 1970. Anti-war protests were common in the big cities. In 1975, when North Vietnamese forces entered Saigon and the South Vietnamese government collapsed, the last Americans fled Vietnam in helicopters. To revisit this article, select My⁠ ⁠Account, then View saved stories. There were several peace corps involved in the anti war movement during the Vietnam War. In a shocking gesture, a young Buddhist monk sat on a Saigon street and set himself on fire, creating an iconic image of Vietnam as a deeply troubled land. These led to a very cynical viewpoint of the war effort and a majority of the public calling for an end. The following are a sampling of the some of the best anti-war/protest songs that were released during that era. "They're the worst type of people that we harbor in America,” then-Ohio governor Jim Rhodes had said of the protesters, many of whom were college students, the day before the shooting. Some celebrities of the era were also quite vocal about their opposition to U.S. involvement in Southeast Asia. Days of unrest at Kent State University in Ohio culminated in a violent encounter on May 4, 1970. A poster in Cornell University’s digital archives lists campuses across the country where students walked out on May 6. He was Amazon.com's first-ever history editor and has bylines in New York, the Chicago Tribune, and other national outlets. Young Black men were more likely to be drafted and more likely to be assigned to dangerous combat duty. Teen Vogue may earn a portion of sales from products that are purchased through our site as part of our Affiliate Partnerships with retailers. Ohio National Guardsmen fired on student protesters, killing four young people. Wikimedia Commons. In late March 1966, a series of protests took place over three days across America. The flag was raised, then lowered once again later in the day. Protesters included a group of men who had served in the conflict and called themselves the Vietnam Veterans Against the War. They will take pot … and they will get high. Off campus access instructions (for e-books) 1001 Ways to Beat the Draft by Tuli Kupferberg. Fonda's trip to Vietnam was highly controversial at the time and remains so to this day. A New York Times report from May 5, 1970, indicates that thousands of students walked out at several universities across the northeast on May 4, as well. Vietnam was partitioned into North and South Vietnam as a result of international agreements and the creation of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization, which established a military relationship between South Vietnam and the United States. History recalls the opposition to the American entry into the war as a stemming from the work of a few radicals and social activists. Later that year, he was sentenced to five years in prison and a $10,000 fine for his refusal. As Johnson was speaking in the White House, 350 demonstrators protesting the war were arrested outside the U.S. Capitol. Jane Fonda, a popular film actress and the daughter of legendary movie star Henry Fonda, became an outspoken opponent of the war. On April 30, 1970, President Nixon announced that American troops had entered Cambodia. According to the New York Times, organizers expected those sympathetic to ending the war "to lower their flags to half-staff and attend mass rallies, parades, teach-ins, forums, candlelight processions, prayers and the reading of the names of Vietnam war dead.". As American involvement in Vietnam grew in the early 1960s, a small number of concerned and dedicated citizens started to protest what they viewed as a misguided adventure. Using a burning draft card to light a peace candle, Freaking out the first lady at the White House, Taking draft dodging to the Supreme Court, Vietnam veterans throwing war medals back at Congress. Armed troops had been called out to protect the building. A powerful bomb, which was being built by members of the radical Weather Underground group, went off prematurely. PhotoQuest / Getty Images The reasons might involve questions of the legality or morality of the war in question or of war in general, or reasons for opposition might be more personal. At a May 4 demonstration, armed guardsman advanced on the crowd and 29 opened fire for 13 seconds, shooting off 67 rounds. For King, the war was both a humanitarian issue and a civil rights issue. By the time of the 1969 moratorium day protests, nearly 40,000 Americans had died in Vietnam. As the protests against the war became widespread, notable figures from the world of politics, literature, and entertainment became prominent in the movement. Who will stop the pain? 1968 was also the height of the anti-war movement in the United States. Search Pages. Skepticism about the government influenced events such as the publication of the Pentagon Papers and the public's reaction to the Watergate scandal. At different times they chose different targets: the Pentagon, Presidents Nixon and Johnson, the draft, Dow Chemical. That year, protests erupted nationwide and anti-war sentiment spilled over into the country's broader culture. They marched on the Capitol and, as an exclamation point to their protest, tossed thousands of war medals at the building. A spirit of protest spread throughout society. Several people protested the Vietnam War in America and some even formed anti war movements in several parts of the country. The official name of the second march was termed the Vietnam Moratorium protests that went across the country (Barringer). The Washington gathering, according to the next day's New York Times, drew more than 15,000 protesters. Conservative groups routinely denounced "peaceniks" and counter-protests were common wherever protesters rallied against the war. By May 3, roughly a thousand National Guard troops were there. cover letter imperialism value of life revenge summary and response tiger discourse community successful personality social issue dog drunk driving what is success social media dance. The young person’s guide to conquering (and saving) the world. Following the election of Richard M. Nixon that fall, the war continued, as did the protest movement. These movements were inspirational enough to get the majority of the public to back the anti-war movement, as well as to discredit the Government. Muhammad Ali, who had become a champion boxer as Cassius Clay, declared himself a conscientious objector and refused to be inducted into the Army. One of the most well-known protests took place on the campus of Kent State University, in 1970. Conservative groups routinely denounced "peaceniks" and counter-protests were common wherever protesters rallied against the war. According to an article from the group’s publication The Veteran, the power of VVAW was perhaps most potently on display in D.C. in April 1971. With assistance from the ACLU, their case, Tinker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District, eventually went to the Supreme Court. Protest by Vietnam Veterans Against the War. During the Civil War, riots broke out in New York in response to a draft that was enacted in the Union in 1863. Robert J. McNamara is a history expert and former magazine journalist. June 1967: Six Vietnam veterans, including Jan "Barry" Crumb, Mark Donnelly, and David Braum, who had march together at the Spring Mobilization to end the War, found the organization Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW)to both protest the war and fight for veterans' rights. By the end of the war, the U.S. anti-war movement had amassed an impressive record of nonviolent action. May 4, 2019, marks 49 years since the infamous killings at Kent State University. Major protests were held in Washington in 1971. Other speakers included Coretta Scott King, wife of Dr. Martin Luther King, Bayard Rustin, one of the organizers of the 1963 March on Washington; and Dr. Benjamin Spock, one of the most famous doctors in America thanks to his best-selling book on caring for babies. One student said the president had also talked about sports, mentioning a college football team and, upon hearing one student was from California, talked about surfing. Demonstrations were also held in Boston, Chicago, San Francisco, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and, as the New York Times put it, "scores of other American cities.". Though Nixon claimed the action would be limited, it struck many Americans as a widening of the war, and it sparked a new round of protests on college campuses. Counter-cultural songs, organizations, plays and other literary works encouraged a spirit of nonconformism, peace, and anti-establishmentarianism. The most dramatic and repulsive events included the Tet Offensive, in which there were a large number of American soldier casualties, and the My Lai Massacre, in which United States soldiers slaughtered at least 500 unarmed Vietnamese civilians. Students across the country went on strike in an action planned before the May 4 Kent State shootings. Eartha Kitt (right) at the White House with Lady Bird Johnson (center) in 1968. He would write a book about the experience, Armies of the Night, which won a Pulitzer Prize in 1969. According to the Encyclopedia Britannica, the group, founded in 1959, started working in the Civil Rights Movement and would evolve into a major force in the anti-war movement before it split into factions in the late ‘60s. Coming in 1970, the Kent State killings were following on years of anti-war protests. The effort to raise awareness and rally protests against the war picked up momentum. The Nixon administration claimed to have a plan to end the war, but there did not seem to be any end in sight. He was a Muslim. “They rebel in the street. Kitt wasn’t the only famous name to get involved in the anti-war movement. The largest Anti-Vietnam War March held in New Zealand took place on the 30th April 1971. On that day, students were participating in a protest against the United States' invasion of Cambodia (an offshoot of the Vietnam War effort that spawned years of protests around the country), when National Guard troops opened fire on the protestors, killing four and injuring nine. The anti-Vietnam war movement was a sustained campaign employing a diversity of nonviolent tactics that ultimately helped end the war. Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1965 to 1969, Top Essentials to Know About the Vietnam War, The Orangeburg Massacre: Causes, Events, and Aftermath, Civil Rights Movement Timeline From 1960 to 1964, The History of U.S. Laws Against Flag-Burning. The War in Vietnam has long been the source of anti-war and protest songs. The American anti-war movement during the First World War must be remembered as much for its successes as its failures. United States began bombing North Vietnam in earnest. Examples of anti-war protest The cover photo features an elderly couple being arrested at an anti-war protest, holding hands and flashing peace signs as they are led away. Antiwar movements ranged from peaceful protest to violent rallies. In the early 1960s, most Americans would have viewed the conflict in Vietnam as a minor proxy war between the United States and the Soviet Union. That was the central slogan of the Mayday campaign. Founded in 1967, Vietnam Veterans Against the War (VVAW) tapped into a rich vein of anti-war sentiment coming from the very service members who had gone to Southeast Asia to fight. The Vietnam War was often viewed through a Cold War lens as a fight against the spread of global communism, so those opposed to the war were viewed suspiciously and often tied to communism. Three members of the group were killed, and the incident created considerable fear that protests might become violent. The Vietnam War sparked a mass antiwar movement employing the civil disobedience tactics and grassroots mobilizations of the civil rights struggles. America's combat role in Vietnam came to an official end with the peace agreement signed in early 1973. Counter protesters show their support for the war during an anti-Vietnam War demonstration in New York City, USA, 1967. Search Categories . Days after the shooting at Kent State, on May 8, 1970, college students gathered to protest on Wall Street in the heart of New York City's financial district. That spring, a small protest movement developed, mainly among college students. Speakers included Senator Wayne Morse, a Democrat from Oregon who had become a sharp critic of the Johnson Administration. On the evening of June 8, 1965, a crowd of 17,000 paid to attend an antiwar rally held at Madison Square Garden in New York City. Some actions attributed to antiwar protesters were so outside the mainstream that they drew sharp denunciations. In 1967 a coalition of antiwar activists formed the National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam which organized several large anti-war demonstrations between the late-1960s and 1972. Writer Normal Mailer, a participant in the protest, was among the hundreds arrested. Kitt told The Washington Post in 1978 that she was effectively blacklisted from the U.S. entertainment industry after her outburst upset the First Lady. To revisit this article, visit My Profile, then View saved stories. Those who supported America's involvement in the war always contended that protesters had essentially sabotaged the troops and made the war unwinnable. Vietnam had been divided into North and South Vietnam, and American officials resolved to prop up the government of South Vietnam as it fought against a communist insurgency supported by North Vietnam. The issue of American involvement came up in an interview with President Kennedy conducted by journalist Walter Cronkite on September 2, 1963, less than three months before Kennedy's assassination. On October 21, 1967, a crowd estimated at 50,000 protesters marched from Washington, D.C. to the parking lots of the Pentagon. And as so few Americans were involved, it wasn't a terribly volatile issue. What are some different reasons a person might oppose a war? The following morning, before dawn, President Nixon made a surprise visit to talk to student protesters who had gathered in Washington near the Lincoln Memorial. A timeline of events leading up to and surrounding the Battle of Ong Thanh and the protests … On that day, students were participating in a protest against the United States' invasion of Cambodia (an offshoot of the Vietnam War effort that spawned years of protests … Baez often performed at antiwar rallies and participated in many protests. Using lessons from the Civil Rights Movement, groups of students began to hold "teach-ins" on college campuses to educate their colleagues about the war. David Cupp/The Denver Post via Getty Images, the infamous killings at Kent State University, Allison Krause (19), Sandy Scheuer (20), Jeffrey Miller (20), and William Knox Schroeder (19), a fight against the spread of global communism, The University of Washington’s Antiwar and Radical History Project reported, ended in 1973 with the end of the Vietnam War, overseen the U.S. efforts in Vietnam transformed from support and advice to full-scale war, parts of the Civil Rights and Black Power movements, Vietnam Commemorates the 50th Anniversary of the My Lai Massacre. Dr. Martin Luther King began criticizing the war in the summer of 1965. Music became a popular way to articulate and propagate resistance to the war. On December 16, 1965, two students, 13-year-old Mary Beth Tinker and 16-year-old Christian Eckhardt, refused to remove their armbands and were sent home. But the students all acted from a common belief that the Vietnam War was wrong. Vietnam vets leaving medals and more outside the U.S. Capitol in 1971. Society needed an excuse to rebel against the boring and safe way of life they were used to; Vietnam gave them the excuse they needed. Despite a brief upsurge in protests following and resumption of the air war against North Vietnam in the spring of 1972, the factionalization of the movement and the withdrawal of most U.S. forces led to a decline in protests. As the movement against the Vietnam war spread, there was also a backlash against it. the country. It’s going to require a similar sustained campaign with a variety of nonviolent tactics to succeed. protest against vietnam war Essay Examples. At the end of 1965, several high school students in Des Moines, Iowa, decided to protest against American bombing in Vietnam by wearing black armbands to school. Student protesters prompted a Supreme Court case. All but ten obeyed. A button for the 1965 March on Washington organized by the SDS. They also triggered a backlash. Scheuer and Schroeder had been walking to class and not even participating in the protest. Nixon later said he tried to explain his position on the war and urged students to keep their protests peaceful. Consider, for example, the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). The University of Washington’s Antiwar and Radical History Project reported that thousands walked out on their campus on May 5. Helen Clark made a formal apology around that time to the 3,400 New Zealanders who served in the Vietnam War due to this lack of recognition. The march included 500,000 in Washington, and 150,000 in San Francisco. In New York City, protesters paraded and held a rally in Central Park. On April 15, 1967, more than 100,000 people demonstrated against the war with a march through New York City and a rally held at the United Nations. Never before had such a demonstration occurred by war veterans,” The Veteran remembered. Teen Vogue covers the latest in celebrity news, politics, fashion, beauty, wellness, lifestyle, and entertainment. Students protesting outside the White House, 1965. Officials gave the students three minutes to end the protest. And in the wake of Kent State, the nation remained deeply divided. As that conflict escalated, the protests grew in strength, and some turned violent. Protest by Teens in Middle America Reached the Supreme Court. One of the best-known protest tactics of the era was to burn draft cards, something those who were eligible for the draft, which was also called Selective Service, would do to show their unwillingness to be conscripted into military service. Vietnamese monk protesting with self-immolation. But this particular protest took place in conservative Texas, and the college administration was not going to tolerate it. For it is only when that system is changed and brought under control that there can be any hope for stopping the forces that create a war in Vietnam today or a murder in the South tomorrow or all the incalculable, innumerable more subtle atrocities that are worked on people all over — all the time.”. “I think that we're up against the strongest, well-trained, militant, revolutionary group that has ever assembled in America." During their six-day protest in D.C., they had their veteran status questioned thanks to President Richard Nixon’s White House, they occupied a senator’s office, and over 100 were arrested. A 1963 New York Times article tells the story of 22-year-old Eugene Keyes, who burned his draft card on Christmas Eve and used it to light a candle “for peace on earth.” The same day, he was mailed a notice that he had been drafted. Want more from Teen Vogue? He was stripped of his boxing title but was eventually vindicated in a long legal battle. “The sentiments of the vets was expressed best by one veteran who tossed his medals away and stated: ‘If we have to fight again, it will be to take these steps.’”. “I do not want to obey orders in any system of violence, not even orders to carry a draft card.” The draft ended in 1973 with the end of the Vietnam War. As the movement against the Vietnam war spread, there was also a backlash against it. Book Sources: Anti-War/Peace Advocacy - Vietnam War A selection of books/e-books available in Trible Library. The early movement was also spurred by networks of student protest already formed during the Berkeley Free Speech Movement in 1964 and the founding of Students for a Democratic Society in 1960. Footage of the 1968 Grosvenor Square demonstration in London, against the Vietnam War. ABOUT PROTESTS AGAINST THE WAR. recruiters. American involvement in Southeast Asia began in the years following World War II. Share: Copy Link. The Vietnam War Tribute 08 included a ceremony honouring those killed in action and a memorial service. Some actions attributed to antiwar protesters were so outside the mainstream that they drew sharp denunciations. A leftist student organization, Students for a Democratic Society, commonly known as SDS, called for a protest in Washington, D.C., on Saturday, April 17, 1965. In early 1966, the escalation of the war in Vietnam continued. The Pentagon Protest helped contribute to the "Dump Johnson" movement, in which liberal Democrats sought to find candidates who would run against Johnson in the upcoming Democratic primaries of 1968. By the time of the Democratic National Convention in the summer of 1968, the antiwar movement within the party had been largely thwarted. Protests Against the Vietnam War 996 Words | 4 Pages. The mobilization of a massive number of protesters greatly influenced public opinion, which in turn influenced how the war was conducted. Many peaceful protest turned into bloodbaths. Top Tag’s. The material on this site may not be reproduced, distributed, transmitted, cached or otherwise used, except with the prior written permission of Condé Nast. The main people to protest the war were the Peace Corps. These arrangements intensified the resolve of North Vietnamese leaders to pursue a strategy that would ultimately result in the unification of the two countries under Ho Chi Minh, the president of North Vietnam. Even when most of the fighting in Vietnam was turned over to South Vietnamese forces and overall American involvement in Southeast Asia decreased, protests against the war continued. There are many other pro- and anti- war slogans, however the mere informational use of those are very small. May 1st: The protest quickly escalated. “In all, literally thousands of medals were thrown back at the government that had sent each of the veterans to fight for the U.S. ruling class. In the text of the research work were discussed strategies and participants of the Anti-War movement. Of a few radicals and social activists an official end with the Corps... The 1960 ’ s going to require a similar sustained campaign employing diversity... 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Amendment rights when they entered school property signed in early 1973 Nixon announced that troops. Are six other famous protests from that time everyone should know of sales from products are. ) ' the students all acted from a common belief that the Vietnam war social activists Francisco! Parking lots of the anti-war movement 2018 marked the 50th Anniversary of the Night, in! Des Moines Independent Community school District, eventually went to the next day 's New York 's City hall flown! Denounced `` peaceniks '' and counter-protests were common wherever protesters rallied against the Vietnam war wrong! Draft cards outside the mainstream that they drew sharp denunciations as much for successes! Number: Online - free - HathiTrust Digital Library the height of the.. At Kent State University in Ohio culminated in a divided America to a very cynical viewpoint of the in... Lady Bird Johnson ( center ) in 1968 anti-war demonstrators picketing in of. As the publication of the best anti-war/protest songs that were released during that era and killed combat...