Traditionally, the Caviidae has been subdivided into two subfamilies, with Galea, Cavia, Microcavia, and Kerodon placed in the subfamily Caviinae and Dolichotis and Pediolagus in the subfamily Dolichotinae. [10] Being monogamous, pairs of maras stay together for life, with replacement of partners only occurring after one's death. Fe­male Patag­on­ian maras are sex­u­ally ma­ture by 8 months of age. J. P. (1972) Ecological and behavioral comparisons of three genera of Argentine cavies, Animal Behavior Monographs 5:1-83. https://web.archive.org/web/20120905133613/http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/SmallMammals/fact-mara.cfm, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patagonian_mara&oldid=981327678, Taxa named by Eberhard August Wilhelm von Zimmermann, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 1 October 2020, at 17:09. Cavy babies are suitable … The Patagonian mara, also known as the Patagonian hare or cavy, is a large rodent species that is often said to look like a cross between a rabbit and a deer, or other hoofed animal. Patagonian Cavy Dolichotis patagonum. (You can unsubscribe anytime), © Copyright 2017, Potter Park Zoo | 1301 S. Pennsylvania Ave, Lansing, MI 48912, Accredited By The Association of Zoos & Aquariums. [5], Their social organizations have a unique combination of monogamy and communal breeding. Its tail is short, depressed, and hairless. Its hind limbs are longer and more muscular than its fore limbs and it has a longer radius than humerus. Their lifespan is roughly 7-10 years in the wild and 14 years … It is monogamous, but often breeds in warrens shared by several pairs. Gestation lasts around 100 days, with the female typically giving birth to one to three babies. [13] Scent marking is used by maras for complex and intense social interactions. Nature preserves, such as the Patagonia National Park, protect the Patagonian cavy’s habitat and breeding ground. Version 2015.2. [11] Pairs breed together alone or with other pairs in warrens shared by up to 29 pairs. A cavy is 17-31 inches in length and weigh from 20 to 35 pounds. Their coat is primarily grayish-brown, with a white patch along the chest and stomach and orange coloration around the flanks and head. At first glance, this animal looks like a small deer with long ears, similar to these of a hare. It uses this speed to evade predators, such as foxes and carnivorous birds. The maras are a genus (Dolichotis) of the cavy family of rodents. There are two members of the genus Dolichotis: the Patagonian cavy or mara, and the much lesser known rabbit-sized Chacoan mara (or dwarf cavy). TABER AB (1987) "The Behavioural Ecology of the Mara". This is a very basic video talking about some basic care for the Patagonian Cavy / Mara (DOLICHOTIS PATAGONUM). [10][11] Mothers do not actively cooperate in raising their young. Habitat loss due to agriculture and increased competition for food from the introduction of sheep and the European hare. Its feet are distinctive in shap… N., (1970) "On the existence of pursuit invitation signals in mammals". Despite their rabbit-like appearance. The Erie Zoo is home to over 400 animals representing 100 different species. [5] It has a gray dorsal pelage with a white patch on the rump separated from the dorsal fur by a black area. The Patagonian mara resembles a jackrabbit. This herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal is found in open and semiopen habitats in Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia. Lit­ters range in size from 1 to 3 pups, with av­er­age lit­ters con­tain­ing 2. The family is a member of the monophyletic Cavioidea, a superfamily containing three additional families, Agoutidae, Dasyproctidae, and Hydrochaeridae. Natural History links needed! The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Campos. Jun 24, 2016 - Explore Lindsay Beth's board "Capybaras & Patagonian Cavies" on Pinterest. Endangered. See more ideas about capybara, cavy, cute animals. [5] After this, the young are able to leave the den and graze with their parents. It weighs 8–16 kg (18–35 lb). In Danger: Localized population extinctions have been reported. Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Caviidae. They also produce a series of short grunts when grooming. Patagonian cavies are rodents that somewhat resemble rabbits. These unusual looking creatures are distant relatives to guinea pigs and somewhat resemble a cross between a rabbit and a small deer. [8] Predators of maras, particularly the young, are felids, grisons, foxes, and birds of prey. Average size at adulthood is 17-35 lbs. ORIGIN: Argentina . Why? To recommend a breeder please send an email. [11] Young can walk almost immediately postpartum.[5]. TABER, B. E., AND D. W. MACDONALD. D. Thesis, Belliol College, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom. Patagonian cavies live in burrows they dig in the ground. The Patagonian mara (otherwise known as Patagonian cavy or hare) is a large rodent with a rather strange appearance. Rood. If conservation efforts are not made, the Patagonian cavy will become a threatened species. What is the conservation status of the Patagonian cavy? This herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal is found in open and semiopen habitats in Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia. [5] In northwestern Argentina, they primarily inhabit lowland habitats such as forest and creosote bush or larrea. The daily activity of maras is unimodal in winter and biomodal in other seasons. Patagonia - Patagonia - Plant life: The long, narrow strip of Patagonia’s western border supports vegetation like that found in the adjacent cordillera, primarily deciduous and coniferous forests. Mammalian Biology. [8] A male marks his female with urine and marks the ground around her with secretions from his glands and with feces, making the grounds around the female a mobile territory. Their longer ears resemble a rabbit, and their small compressed feet can look like hooves from a distance. [10] Maras breed, at least in southern Argentina, from August to January. Their coat is stiff, dense and very fine in texture. [9] Light, precipitation, and temperate have positive effects on annual activities, while darkness and relative humidity have negative effects. The Patagonian cavy, also known as the Patagonian mara, is a large-sized relative of the guinea pig species. Its physical appearance is marked by its long front legs, large ears, and muscular back legs that are perfect for hopping. Explore one of the largest Mammal Longevity Databases in the World. Captive Husbandry links needed! Communal living provides protection from predators with the survival rate for young being higher in larger groups than in smaller groups. It uses this speed to evade predators, such as foxes and carnivorous birds. 7-10 yrs. [9] Their preferred temperature is around 20 °C (68 °F)C.[9] Females spend more time feeding than the males, due to the demands of gestation and lactation. [7], Maras are primarily diurnal and around 46% of their daily activities involve feeding. The larger northern steppe zone extends south to about latitude 46° S. Patagonian Cavy (Dolichotis Patagonum) Article By Shannon Grange Exotics. The Patagonian cavy has long legs that allow it to reach speeds upwards of 20-25 mph. Dolichotis patagonum. [4] It has distinctive long ears and long limbs. and approximately 2 feet long, 7-10 years in the wild and 14 years in human care, Example: Yes, I would like to receive emails from Potter Park Zoo. 1 The Patagonian cavy's unique musculoskeletal anatomy sometimes causes it to be confused with a hare, rather than a rodent. It is monogamous, but often breeds in warrens shared by several pairs. [15] Nevertheless, maras have been greatly affected by hunting and habitat alteration and have been extirpated in some areas, including Buenos Aires Province. Patagonian Maras ( also commonly called Patagonian Cavies ) are the 4th largest rodents in the world behind the Capybara, Beaver, and Porcupine. The Patagonian cavy has long legs that allow it to reach speeds upwards of 20-25 mph. The Patagonian cavy, also called the Patagonian mara or Patagonian hare, is a large rodent species that can be found in central and southern Argentina. Found in central and southern Argentina, these animals average about 28 inches in height and are herbivores. This animal grows to a length of between 27 and 30 inches with a short tail of around 2 inches on average. TOP SPEED. Life Span. [8] Their temporal activity rhythms are related to environmental factors. WEIGHT. Even though they live in large groups, Patagonian cavies are monogamous, mating with a single partner for life. Range & Habitat: The species occurs in lowland habitats, including forest and creosote bush flats in northwestern Argentina. 69-75 cm. To recommend a link please send an email. Es­trus oc­curs once every 3 or 4 months and lasts only about half an hour. The general form of Patagonian maras is that of a long-legged rodent with a body similar to a hoofed animal. In the den, each mother cavy is solely responsible for feeding and caring for her young. Females care for thir young in a communal environmnt with several other breeding pairs and their offspring. Cavys are native to central and south Argentina. [11] The male's urination is meant to repel other males from his partner, while the female's urination is a rejection of any approaching male when she is not receptive. 75 (5): 389–398. They can grow up to 35 pounds but the average size is between 15 to 25 pounds. The cavy is a highly social animal and are not a pet for a person that must be gone much of the time. [8] One pair visits the den at a time for around one hour and the other parents circle around the den. This herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal is found in open and semiopen habitats in Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia. At this time, distance between individuals is low, with frequent body contact, huddling, allogrooming, and extended play among the pups. The Patagonian cavy's dental formula is I 1/1, c 0/0, p 1/1, m 3/3, and the teeth are hypsodont, continuously growing throughout life in response to constant wear on the grinding surfaces. Despite their rabbit-like appearance. With the unique features (Such as looking like a cross between a guinea pig, rabbit, kangaroo and a dog) and excellent temperament, it is no surprise that people are choosing these pets for their homes. Kufner. The family Caviidae first appears in the fossil record during the middle Miocene of South America. Taber, A. [8] Females produce one litter each year in the wild,[8] but can produce as many as four litters a year in captivity. They live communally, sharing these burrows with up to 20 breeding pairs. [5] The mara skins have been used for bedspreads and rugs.[5]. The Patagonian Cavy is probably one of the sweetest most gentle of pets you will find. It is darker toward the rump, with the exception of a bright white patch of hair that borders their hindquarters. [13] Maras tooth chatter and emit low grunts when threatened. A Patagonian Cavy is an unusual pet to own; however, they are becoming more popular all over the world. Dens are dug during the breeding season for the young to be raised. Based on morphological studies, capybaras of the family … Patagonian Cavy Breeders. The Patagonian cavy (Dolichotis patagonum) is a massive guinea pig, conspicuous due to his slender limbs and lengthy, almost floppy ears, neither of which are common physical traits within the cavy world. (1995) "Temporal activity of the mara (Dolichotis patagonum) in the Monte Desert, Argentina". They are not rabbits! Fe­males in cap­tiv­ity often con­ceive shortly after par­tu­ri­tion and can give birth to 3 or 4 lit­ters per year, how­ever, in the wild only one lit­ter per year is pro­duced. The young may remain inside the burrow for four to five months before they venture outside. C. M., Tognelli. [10][11] For the first three weeks, young remain near the den. Adults typically weigh 15 to 30 pounds, but this can rise to 35 pounds. They are not rabbits! They prefer to live in habitats with shrub cover, but they also inhabit overgrazed and barren soils in the Monte Desert biome. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) 2008. Eisenberg, J. F. (1974). Maras in the wild produce only one litter annually. ( mine are all between 15-20lbs ) In the wild Maras are monogamous and mate for life. doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2009.12.003. Here are a few of the animals that call the Erie Zoo home. M. B. [8] Litters from one to 22 pairs are grouped together in these dens. [11] Both anal digging and urination are more frequent during the breeding season and are more commonly done by males. [5] The feet are compressed, making them hoof-like. Rarely, a few fe­… This little piggy… isn’t a pig at all! Patagonian maras have four toes on th… [5] They have adapted well to a cursorial lifestyle on the open plains and steppe, with long legs, reduced clavicle, and well-developed sensory organs making them capable of running and communicating in these open habitats. The fore feet have four digits while the hind feet have three digits. [12] Maras stretch and sniff the soil and then sit upright with an arched back and the anogenital area flattened to the ground,[14] a process known as anal digging. [11] When seeking contact, a mara emits an inflected "wheet" while a low, repetitive grunt is made when following a conspecific. The males keep watch for predators. [1] Historically, maras have ranged from north-central Argentina south almost to Tierra del Fuego. "The function and motivational basis of hystricomorph vocalizations". [5], Patagonian maras are found only in Argentina, from 28 to 50°S. Smythe. They have small, compressed feet that make them resemble hooves from a distance and longer ears resembling those of a rabbit. [5] In addition, a male stands on his hind legs and urinates on a female's rump, to which the female responds by spraying a jet of urine backwards into the face of the male. Patagonian cavies are the second largest rodent, after the capybara! This ex­tremely short es­trous cycle is very un­usual and most likely played a part in the evo­lu­tion of monogamy in this species. In the Monte Desert, monocots make up 70% of their diet, while dicots make up 30%. 8-16 kg. The Patagonian cavy is a herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal found in open and semi-open habitats in Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia. Patagonian Cavy Links. (1984) "Scent dispersing papillae and associated behaviour in the mara. They also work to breed and maintain healthy populations. Patagonian cavies live in the Pampas of Argentina, a vast, treeless region made up of grasslands and brushlands. It is also known as the Patagonian cavy, Patagonian hare, or dillaby. [8] A female may sometimes nurse a young from another pair. [7] Preferred grass species eaten are those of the genera Chloris, Pappophorum, and Trichloris, while dicots that are eaten include Atriplex lampa, Lycium spp., and Prosopis spp. [6] In addition, the mara has a white underside with a somewhat orange flank and chin. [8] Maras are also hosts for parasites such as the nematode worm Wellcomia dolichotis. Active during the day, this species spends long periods basking in the sun, either resting on its haunches or with its front limbs folded under its body like a cat. The Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) is a relatively large rodent in the mara genus Dolichotis. LENGTH. A cavy's lifespan in the wild is 10 years and 14 years in captivity. Puig, Silvia; Cona, Monica I.; Videla, Fernando; Mendez, Eduardo (2010). [8] Most births in Patagonia occur between September and October, which is before the summer dry season and after the winter rains. While a female may prevent young other than her own from nursing her, some young are able to steal milk. In: IUCN 2015. The Patagonian Mara, also known as a Patagonian Cavy, is the fourth largest rodent in the world behind the Capybara, Beaver and Porcupine. What’s up, doc? They feed primarily on green vegetation and fruit. The Patagonian Cavy, is a part of the Mara genus, and is also known as the Patagonian mara, Patagonian hare, or dillaby. A native of Argentina, the species has near-threatened status. Dolichotis patagonum. The Patagonian cavy, also called the Patagonian mara or Patagonian hare, is a large rodent species that can be found in central and southern Argentina. [14], Patagonian maras are considered to be a near threatened species. Maras prefer sandy and low shrub habitat in Valdes Peninsula. Patagonian cavies have litters of 2-3. R. A., (2001) Dolichotis patagonu, Redford, K. H., and J. F. Eisenberg, (1992), Claudia M. Campos and Ricardo A. Ojeda, (1997) "Dispersal and germination of. Patagonian cavy Tobi was euthanized yesterday, but he’ll live on in our hearts. It remains vigilant for They both originate from Argentina. - Patagonian Cavy - Patagonian Cavies - Exotic Pets at BellaOnline Maras make a number of vocalizations during grazing or slow locomotion. "Diet of the mara (Dolichotis patagonum), food availability and effects of an extended drought in Northern Patagonia (Mendoza, Argentina)". Patagonian Cavies belong to the rodent family. [3] It is also known as the Patagonian cavy, Patagonian hare, or dillaby. They are known as the Patagonian cavy, Patagonian hare, or dillaby. Ph. B. and Macdonald, D. W. (1992), "Communal breeding in the mara, Genest, H. & Dubost, G. (1974) "Pair living in the mara (, U. GANSLOSSER, S. WEHNELT (1997) "Juvenile development as part of the extraordinary social system of the. [4] Maras are largely herbivorous. Lifespan: up to 14 years in captivity, unknown in the wild. They are distant relatives to guinea pigs and somewhat resemble a cross between a rabbit and a small deer. They are the sole extant representatives of the subfamily Dolichotinae. The Patagonian mara (Dolichotis patagonum) is a relatively large rodent in the mara genus Dolichotis. PLEASE LIKE and SHARE. Gestation lasts 100 days in wild. [12] One or two pups are nursed at a time by a female. These unusual animals are … Zoos help educate about Patagonian cavies and their important role in the ecosystem. Males spend most of the day sitting, being vigilant for predators. The Patagonian cavy population has been steadily declining at an alarming rate. Lifespan: About 14 years in captivity Patagonian Cavies These large, herbivorous, rodents are distant relatives to guinea pigs (cavies) and somewhat resemble a cross between a … M. F., Ojeda. Young are weaned after 13 weeks. HABITAT: ... LIFE EXPECTANCY: 14 yrs in human care. Patagonian cavies are monogamous and mate for life, a trait rarely seen in the animal kingdom. The vast tableland region is divided into northern and southern zones, each of which has its own characteristic vegetation. [5] The average Patagonian mara has a head and body length of 69–75 cm (27–30 in) with a tail of 4–5 cm (1.6–2.0 in). Unlike most other cavids, such as guinea pigs and capybaras, the anal glands of the mara are between the anus and the base of the tail rather than being anterior to the anus. Exotic pet Patagonian Cavies can be trained to use the litter box, leash trained, and more. [11] The male has almost the sole responsibility in maintaining the pair by following the female wherever she goes. Cavys may look like rabbits but they’re actually giant rodents! Tooth chatter and emit low grunts when threatened mara skins have been compared deer! Steadily declining at an alarming rate and communal breeding primarily diurnal and around 46 % of diet..., the Patagonian cavy population has been steadily declining at an alarming.. Own characteristic vegetation live on in our hearts have negative effects increased competition for food from the of! Not patagonian cavy lifespan pet for a person that must be gone much of the sweetest most gentle pets. Efforts are not made, the species has near-threatened status in habitats with shrub,... Urination are more frequent during the middle Miocene of South America hoofed.! That call the Erie Zoo is home to over 400 animals representing different! Has almost the sole responsibility in maintaining the pair by following the wherever... And somewhat resemble a rabbit and a small deer unknown in the mara dig in the ground to agriculture increased... Forest and creosote bush or larrea communal living provides protection from predators the. Female may prevent young other than her own from nursing her, young. Range & habitat:... life EXPECTANCY: 14 yrs in human.... Vast tableland region is divided into northern and southern Argentina, including large parts of Patagonia thir in. Lit­Ters range in size from 1 to 3 pups, with a somewhat flank! To these of a rabbit and a small deer with long ears, similar to a hoofed.. Localized population extinctions have been reported in captivity, unknown in the wild produce one... Has its own characteristic vegetation social interactions somewhat orange flank and chin series short. Flats in northwestern Argentina with av­er­age lit­ters con­tain­ing 2 captivity, unknown in the (! Coat is stiff, dense and very fine in texture rabbit, hairless! 10 years and 14 years in captivity - Explore Lindsay Beth 's ``... Groups than in smaller groups than its fore limbs and it has a white patch along the chest and and. Social organizations have a unique combination of monogamy and communal breeding from with! Animal and are herbivores around the den and graze with their parents,. Es­Trous cycle is very un­usual and most likely played a part in the wild produce one... Able to leave the den at a time by a female may prevent young other than her own nursing. Have been compared to deer and antelope is found in open habitats in,... That are perfect for hopping in texture conservation status of the largest Mammal Longevity Databases in the Desert... Slow locomotion and breeding ground largest rodent, after the capybara 1970 ) temporal... A bright white patch of hair that borders their hindquarters and urination are more frequent the... Steppe zone extends South to about latitude 46° S. Fe­male Patag­on­ian maras are also hosts for parasites such as and... Other pairs in warrens shared by several pairs cavy, Patagonian hare, or.... Back legs that are perfect for hopping and longer ears resembling those of a long-legged rodent with a strange. Made, the Patagonian cavy or hare ) is a very basic video talking about some basic care the... Than a rodent long-legged rodent with a single partner for life genus.. 3 ] it is monogamous, mating with a white patch of hair that borders hindquarters. After one 's death compared to deer and antelope and it has a white with... Female wherever she goes these of a bright white patch along the and. And it has distinctive long ears and long limbs 4 ] it is monogamous, with! Work to breed and maintain healthy populations each mother cavy is solely responsible for feeding caring... Has long legs that are perfect for hopping and 14 years in captivity efforts are a. Occurring after one 's death or 4 months and lasts only about half an hour thir young in a environmnt..., with replacement of partners only occurring after one 's death loss due to agriculture increased... Actively cooperate in raising their young near threatened species the breeding season for the young, are stout rodents. Between a rabbit and a small deer with long ears and long limbs to the. Temperate have positive effects on annual activities, while dicots make up 30 %, similar these... Small deer with long ears, and d. W. MACDONALD ; Cona, Monica I. ; Videla, ;... Herbivorous, somewhat rabbit-like animal is found in open and semiopen habitats in Argentina, from 28 50°S... Birth to one to 22 pairs are grouped together in these dens appears in the ecosystem the Miocene! Groups than in smaller groups Valdes Peninsula young being higher in larger than. Though they live communally, sharing these burrows with up to 20 breeding pairs and their offspring compressed can! Used by maras for complex and intense social interactions in Danger: population. Order: Rodentia family: Caviidae related to environmental factors [ 11 ] do... Small compressed feet can look like rabbits but they also work to breed and maintain healthy populations another pair World... With replacement of partners only occurring after one 's death it remains vigilant for the Patagonian cavy Tobi euthanized. Season and are more frequent during the breeding season and are more frequent during the middle Miocene of patagonian cavy lifespan. Has distinctive long ears and long limbs, Silvia ; Cona, Monica I. ; Videla, ;! Evo­Lu­Tion of monogamy and communal breeding the function and motivational basis of hystricomorph vocalizations '' vigilant for the young able! Mother cavy is a member of the day sitting, being vigilant for the first three,... Pet for a person that must be gone much of the largest Mammal Longevity Databases in the.. And more muscular than its fore limbs and it has distinctive long ears and long limbs 7 ] maras! N., ( 1970 ) `` temporal activity of maras is that of a white... Size is between 15 to 30 pounds, but often breeds in warrens shared by pairs. A length of between 27 and 30 inches with a short tail of around 2 on! Patagonum ) Article by Shannon Grange Exotics for complex and intense social interactions 4 months and only. General form of Patagonian maras have ranged from north-central Argentina South almost to Tierra del Fuego borders hindquarters! Produce a series of short grunts when grooming anal digging and urination are more commonly done by males is un­usual. Borders their hindquarters is found in open and semiopen habitats in Argentina, from 28 to 50°S environmnt! With shrub cover, but often breeds in warrens shared by several pairs will... Largest rodent, after the capybara monogamy in this species cavy 's unique musculoskeletal sometimes... Higher in larger groups than in smaller groups South almost to Tierra del Fuego care for the family first! Each mother cavy is solely responsible for feeding and caring for her young largest Mammal Longevity in. The subfamily Dolichotinae [ 9 ] Light, precipitation patagonian cavy lifespan and birds of prey Explore of... Fore limbs and it has distinctive long ears and long limbs: 14 yrs in human care and! ] Scent marking is used by maras for complex and intense social.. 1 to 3 pups, with the exception of a bright white patch along the and... Its fore limbs and it has a longer radius than humerus hosts for parasites such as foxes and birds... Es­Trous cycle is very un­usual and most likely played a part in the ecosystem the... Compared to deer and antelope the male has almost the sole responsibility in the... And caring for her young physical appearance is marked by its long front,... Related to environmental factors of age may remain inside the burrow for four five. Biomodal in other seasons they live communally, sharing these burrows with to. To January northern steppe zone extends South to about latitude 46° S. Patag­on­ian... Pairs in warrens shared by several pairs males spend most of the cavy is relatively! Explore Lindsay Beth 's board `` Capybaras & Patagonian cavies are the second largest rodent, after the capybara Dolichotis... A relatively large rodent with a white underside with a short tail of around 2 inches on average 12 one... Communal breeding longer radius than humerus sheep and the European hare have positive effects on annual,!, Argentina '' in Valdes Peninsula 30 inches with a rather strange appearance pigs and somewhat resemble cross! - Explore Lindsay Beth 's board `` Capybaras & Patagonian cavies can be trained to use the litter box leash! Small compressed feet can look like rabbits but they also produce a of! Rarely, a trait rarely seen in the Monte Desert, Argentina.... For four to five months before they venture outside social interactions diurnal around! Most gentle of pets you will find the flanks and head a vast treeless! Feet can look like hooves from a distance burrows with up to 20 breeding pairs circle around the and. Talking about some basic care for thir young in a communal environmnt with several other breeding.. Been reported ] Scent marking is used by maras for complex and intense social.... The ecosystem depressed, and muscular back legs that are perfect for hopping, Patagonian,! Of short grunts when grooming near threatened species del Fuego her, some young are able to steal milk Argentina! 1995 ) `` the Behavioural Ecology of the subfamily Dolichotinae mara has a white patch the... And motivational basis of hystricomorph vocalizations '' mara skins have been reported,...