She traces the source of these differences to deeper differences in the fundamental structures of Asian and Western self-identity. Similarities and differences in society. 2018-10-12T20:23:10-07:00 Since we think and act in accordance with these illusions, we invariably suffer … Reductionism, while useful in certain applications, is not helpful in understanding the person. The Eastern philosophy is drawn much more into groups or society or people’s actions and thoughts as one in order to find meaning in life as they try to get rid of the false “me” concept and find meaning in discovering the true “me” in relation to everything around them, or as part of a bigger scheme. Self-dedication to the goal (life vision, success, happiness, etc.) Not only does the evidence not support a dual, separate self that exists in isolation from other selves, materialist science has never been able to pin down a self. This illusion becomes apparent during meditation when the practitioner recognizes that there is no “I” that can be identified. We then come to experience a profound change in attitude and perspective. In antiquity, the Greek philosopher Pyrrho traveled with Alexander the Great's army on its conquest of India (327 to 325 BCE) and based his philosophy of Pyrrhonism on what he learned there. However, more accurately, they offer “therapy” for everyday living as their teachings are designed to assist the person in working toward optimal functioning and psychological well-being. 14 0 obj Can similarities be found in western philosophy with the eastern concept of self (no-self) in Buddhism? These frequent gatherings create a sense of community within a community and people will socialize after services. 13 0 obj - 6237038 Use PDF export for high quality prints and SVG export for large sharp images or embed your diagrams anywhere with the Creately viewer. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> It is often suggested that contrasting Eastern vs. Western characteristics bring about significant overall differences between the culture and society of the East and of the West. The writings put emphasis on the fact that eastern and western similarities are largely similar. 8 0 obj We begin to see things as they truly are, unfettered by illusions, social mandates, or our own projections. At the end of this lesson, you should be able to: 1. The self is located at the center within the individual through which the world is perceived. To some extent Western formulations of the self … Furthermore, Western Ethics places more emphasis on law and justice, whereas Eastern Ethics states that one must do what is right and expected and the universe will take care of the rest. Yozan Dirk Mosig University of Nebraska at Kearney Abstract The concept of the self in Western psychology derives primarily from the work of Freud, Jung, and Rogers. The self has been conceptualized in a variety of ways by European and American theorists who have addressed a number of different contexts of human behavior. The self-concept is a knowledge representation that contains knowledge about us, including our beliefs about our personality traits, physical characteristics, abilities, values, goals, and roles, as well as the knowledge that we exist as individuals. The self and emotion. The article examines the Western ideas concerning how the self is constructed and how it relates to perception and experience. One of … Individualism – favours the individual as an independent entity and encourages self-promotion and self-worth. And this has consequences for society, the workplace, family, even relationships. In Buddhism the no-self is called anatman. Eastern culture uses the spiritual and missionary approach of searching inside oneself for answers through meditation whereas western culture takes on a pragmatic and emotional approach in searching outside oneself through research and analysis. 12 0 obj application/pdf Jen argues that it is difficult to say whether eastern religions created the region’s cultural viewpoints, or if it was the other way around. Seeing, hearing, feeling, and even the searching for the Self are all done by the Self, and so in everyday perception, the Self or Brahman that is in all existence cannot be directly perceived. East and West may have numerous differences based on culture. However, both philosophies have the goal of finding out the meaning and purpose in the life and path of an individual 2018-10-12T20:23:10-07:00 Eastern culture has a circular view of the universe that is based upon the perception of eternal recurrence whereas Western culture has a linear view of the universe that is based on the Christian philosophy that everything has a beginning and an end. Daniel N. Berkow is a doctoral student in the counseling psychology program. Prince 9.0 rev 5 (www.princexml.com) Eastern systems acknowledge that the individual has to decide first to seek change and help her or himself through inner exploration—restructuring and cultivating mental processes, although the guidance of others who have experienced the process may be sought. Buddhist thought and Western philosophy include several parallels.. Another important characteristic of Eastern and Western systems of virtue ethics is the integration of personal and professional life. THE SELF IN WESTERN. Appligent AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Most Eastern psychologies, in contrast, concentrate on the exploration of the function and operation of the mind as well as methods to free the individual from suffering. Eastern and Western philosophy published 12-1-2014 Here I start a series on differences and similarities between Eastern and Western philosophy, and my position in that. 57 0 obj It celebrates the self, and yet it’s the opposite of selfishness. The self has been conceptualized in a variety of ways by European and American theorists who have addressed a number of different contexts of human behavior. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> In Western culture, people typically form congregations and worship together at a specific place and time. The self is located at the center within the individual through which the world is perceived. Western martial arts generally have no room for ritual. AppendPDF Pro 5.5 Linux Kernel 2.6 64bit Oct 2 2014 Library 10.1.0 The similarities between eastern and western philosophy are greater than any differences cited by modern-day writers and lecturers on the topic. The Buddhist concept of anattā, for example, teaches that there is no permanent, underlying soul – in English, it is often referred to as the doctrine of ‘non-self’. 5 0 obj THE WESTERN CONCEPT OF THE SEI,F 5 when she writes, "As an American researcher, I had been taught to act: independence, mastery, competence, were deemed key vir-tues." But when she interacted with native Japanese, she states, "I felt keenly the deconstruction of the self into various constituents at war with one another" (Kondo 1986:78). Eastern traditions teach that everything is impermanent. Concepts of the Self: Western and Eastern Perspectives. The western view of the ‘enduring self’ refers to the notion that “you are the same person you were earlier in your life. In the Eastern view, we are all in need of “therapy” (normal or disturbed alike) since few of us are functioning free from the influence of delusions, projections, or uncurbed desires. Eastern Self/Western Self By Linda Heuman May 08, ... We tend to assume that Asians experience self-identity in the same way we do—that they are the same equation, ... She traces the source of these differences to deeper differences in the fundamental structures of Asian and Western self … <>stream Comparison between Western and Eastern Ethics: "'[�?��u,�TG�AHƓ_�����Q�d����T"�, In Search of the Self: Eastern versus Western Perspectives. Another good example of illustration is the writings by Wonhyo, the Korean philosopher, and Epictetus, the Greek philosopher. the differences in their answers, and the similarities. %PDF-1.7 %���� From Eastern perspectives, however, the ego is a social fiction. Main Difference – Eastern vs Western Culture. Presents cross-cultural comparison of the Buddhist perspective with the Western perspective to reveal culturally based assumptions about the nature of the self. endobj Comparison of Western and Eastern Concepts of Self Western Eastern Duality- you are distinct from other persons Other persons are part of your self Talk about their personal attributes Talk about their social roles Highlights personal achievements Keeps a low profile and avoid boastfulness Individualistic- focus on the person Collectivistic- group and social relations are more important … Since these thoughts and judgments are ever-changing, there exists no permanent structure that can be called the ego. comparison and bring out the essential features inherent in the eastern and western traditions. They’re not passive observers; they are active participants in life, selecting actions in harmony with nature. There is no soul and no-self. The "Me" concept. Richard C. Page: is an associate professor in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services at the University of Georgia, Athens. In analyzing a mythological work, a proper understanding of the nature of the self and its relation to the Cosmos is essential. However, since east and west refers to various countries and cultures scattered across the globe, only a broad generalization can be m… There is rather an awareness attaching itself to passing thoughts, judgments, and so on, erroneously assumed to represent the ego. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> Heraclitus), in early Western philosophy a static view of reality was taken, with substance as the carrier of properties and the basis for identity of the self. endobj Eastern way is by observing objective reality of what things are without exaggeration brings things into the perfect state of balance because balance is objective realty. endobj The disciplines of Buddhism and Taoism, are, however, concerned with changing the consciousness of normal, socially adjusted people.” In the five decades since these words were written, Western psychology has become increasingly interested in aiding “normal” individuals to reach their maximum psychological potential. While Western psychology seems to reflect an attitude that the individual must be “helped” from without, by another person, Eastern attitudes are quite the opposite. <> Differentiate the concept of self according to Western thought against Eastern/Oriental perspectives; 2. Clearly, human beings cannot be reduced to parts but must be understood within the context of the whole. Western and Eastern Religion Comparison Islam and Buddhism are two distinct religious traditions that provide their own meaningful responses to the fundamental questions about life. Self-concept tends to be more malleable when people are younger and still going through the process of self-discovery and identity formation. While Western psychology seems to reflect an … endobj °astern ±oncept of Self 94n the east philosophy and religion are twisted together. It does not easily leave the home when it is underage. Christopher I. Beckwith has identified a translation of the Buddhist three marks of existence, in Pyrrho's teachings. “Life ceases to be problematic when it is understood that the ego is a social fiction.” — Alan Watts. The eastern and western philosophy present similar issues when it comes to the idea of the state of being a human being. In the east there seems to be a greater respect for the amount of time it takes to truly learn a martial art. The Western society focuses on the individual's self-development, and parents and children are often independent individuals. Linear as it seems, Western philosophy is logical, scientific, and rational compared to the East’s concept of eternal and recurring. Western heritage: The western tradition is commonly acknowledged to be “imbued with a style of endobj Richard C. Page. Moreover, public displays of affection are often frowned upon in Eastern countries. As people age, self-perceptions become much more detailed and organized as people form a better idea of who they are and what is important to them. The term ‘self’ refers to an individual human being, along with their body, mind, and in some cases, the concept of a ‘soul’. Clearly, human beings cannot be reduced to parts but must be understood within the context of the whole. In the West, the ego (regardless of the various ways in which theorists define it) is seen as central to identity and personality. The main difference between eastern and western ethics is the fact that Western Ethics is about finding truth, whereas Eastern Ethics are very much about the protocol, and showing of respect. In Western society, the individual rules. <> 3 0 obj In Search of the Self: Eastern versus Western Perspectives <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> The western way is to have everything now, instant gratification. For Western psychology, according to Alan Watts, “The psychotherapist has, for the most part, been interested in changing the consciousness of…disturbed individuals. endobj It is often suggested that contrasting Eastern vs. Western characteristics bring about significant overall differences between the culture and society of the East and of the West. uuid:0c6cadd9-a9d4-11b2-0a00-782dad000000 Similarities and differences in society. Buddhism, by contrast, recognized no substance and saw reality not in terms of things but in Explain the concept of self as found in Asian thoughts; and 3. Western Ethics, on the other hand, has more of an emphasis on self and what is rationally or logically true. uuid:0c6cbe0d-a9d4-11b2-0a00-10b5a2d6ff7f endstream The term ‘self’ refers to an individual human being, along with their body, mind, and in some cases, the concept of a ‘soul’. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> We want validation for our own self … <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> It emphasizes values the West has forgotten. Alan Watts, the late British philosopher, proposed that there were two great myths of the self—myth here not used in the sense of something false, but rather as a way of interpreting oneself and one’s reality. The western view of the ‘enduring self’ refers to the notion that … Like the breath rises and falls or the seasons come and go, all things are seen as being in a constant process of arising, forming, and dissolving. The Concept of ‘The Self’ in Western and Eastern Traditions. Basically, the oriental society has a deep family concept and is unavoidable. Eastern, holistic perspectives recognize the interactive nature of reality, similar to the views of general systems theory. However, through the process of meditation and mindfulness, we are able to examine the inner workings of our mind and come to understand the nature of illusion and how it arises. There is no soul and no-self. environment tend to create different perceptions of the “self” and one of the most common distinctions between cultures and people is the Eastern-vs-Western dichotomy wherein Eastern represents Asia and Western represents Europe and Northern America. Eastern Religions Have A Different Perspective Because of its different perspective, Eastern religious thought has always fascinated, and often confused, the Western mind. Eastern western. Suggests that alternative definitions of the self from outside of Western culture may assist in the ongoing development of future models of the person within Western psychology. Various scholars and institutions of higher learning have maintained arbitrary divisions in the eastern and western philosophy. Collectivism – individuals are part of a group and the needs of the group come before the individual. We value personal achievements over group efforts. Comparison Between Eastern and Western Philosophy Broadly, speaking, ... Self-dedication to the goal (success, happiness, etc.) Eastern philosophy or Asian philosophy includes the various philosophies that originated in East and South Asia including Chinese philosophy, Indian philosophy (including Hindu philosophy, Jain philosophy, Buddhist philosophy, and Sikh philosophy), Japanese philosophy, Korean philosophy, and Vietnamese philosophy which are dominant in East, South and Southeast Asia. Through inner development, the individual comes to see his or her place in the larger context as a part of the whole, which can lead to improved relationships with self, others, and the environment. Eastern_and_Western_Concepts_of_Self - View presentation slides online. In analyzing a mythological work, a proper understanding of the nature of the self and its relation to the Cosmos is essential. Western concept of self 94s an individualistic self that is deeply aware of itself, its uniqueness, sense of direction, purpose and volition(act of making choice). Western concept of self 94s an individualistic self that is deeply aware of itself, its uniqueness, sense of direction, purpose and volition (act of making choice). Since Eastern psychologies are inwardly focused, they may appear to be narcissistic or nihilistic. The "Me" concept Eternal reality of the universal truth: self-liberation through getting rid of the false "Me" and discovering the true "Me" "Me" is here and now. The general assumption seems to be that drug therapies and techniques that lead to behavioral change will also initiate change in mental processes and states. People build taxonomies for both to try and get some clarity; the distinctions continue to proliferate in an unhelpful way. 15 0 obj Perspective of Western and Eastern Theories of the Self EASTERN 1. 3. Since we think and act in accordance with these illusions, we invariably suffer (i.e., experience disappointment, frustration, and pain). Part of what is developing in children as they grow is the fundamental cognitive part of the self, known as the self-concept. You can edit this template and create your own diagram.Creately diagrams can be exported and added to Word, PPT (powerpoint), Excel, Visio or any other document. <> Can similarities be found in western philosophy with the eastern concept of self (no-self) in Buddhism? Until the advent of cognitive, existential, phenomenological, humanistic, and transpersonal perspectives, little effort was devoted to the rigorous study of inner mental states and processes and embodied cognition. The most often cited difference is that western philosophy is 'fragmentary' while eastern philosophy is 'holistic'. Eastern psychologies maintain that, as a result of social and self-conditioning, our ambitions, beliefs, desires, expectations, preconceptions, and views of the nature of reality are illusory. 11 0 obj The article examines the Western ideas concerning how the self is constructed and how it relates to perception and experience. Eastern culture bel… 17 0 obj Associate professor in the Department of Counseling and Human Development Services. Comparison of Western and Eastern Concepts of Self Western Eastern Duality- you are distinct from other persons Other persons are part of your self Talk about their personal attributes Talk about their social roles Highlights personal achievements Keeps a low profile and avoid boastfulness Individualistic- focus on the person Collectivistic- group and social relations are more important … Eastern world refers to countries in the Asia and Middle East whereas Western world refers to North and South America, Europe, Australia and New Zeeland. Concepts of the Self: Western and Eastern Perspectives Concepts of the Self: Western and Eastern Perspectives Page, Richard C.; Berkow, Daniel N. 1991-04-01 00:00:00 Richard C. Page is a n associate professor in the Department oJCounseIing a n d Human Development Services at the University oJGeorgia. And less practical practices that may be present in their eastern counterparts. It is evident that there exists a pluralism with respect to the existence of the self, as well as that some Western authors have similar views to the Eastern concept of the self (e. g. Hume). MODULE 1: The Self from Various Perspectives Source: Understanding the Self. In doing so, one might be able to shed light on one’s own views of the Self, and perhaps arrive at some ... Wolter: In Search of the Self: Eastern versus Western Perspectives Published by DigitalCommons@Kennesaw State University, 2012. There is still a widespread inclination to think that there is an unbridgeable chasm between Eastern and Western philosophy. Understanding the Self endobj Name two (2) things that represent Western and Eastern Concept/Perspective of the Self. 1 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> By and large, cultures in the West tend to be more individualistic whereas people from the East are more collectivist. Due to its Christian influence, there has to be a beginning and end to find meaning. endobj Similarities between the concept of the self and the concept of emotion: There is no agreed upon definition of the self or for emotion. In Eastern philosophy , though, the self is often treated as an illusion. It helps humans deal with human morality and concepts such as good and … “Conceptual self” (Neisser, 1997), “Relational Self” (Jordan, 1991), “Public and private selves” (Morin, 1998) have just been a few amongst the many terms offered in the explanation of the ways people perceive themselves and their world. The approaches of Buddhism, Taoism, Vedanta, or yoga are not easily comparable to religious or philosophical systems as we understand them in the West. Thus, we come to a more authentic and genuine view of reality. Alan Watts, the late British philosopher, proposed that there were two great myths of the self—myth here not used in the sense of something false, but rather as a way of interpreting oneself and one’s reality. In this report, we will first survey three important theoreticians from the western tradition to unravel the view of the Self that they take and follow it up with a … Student Gateway Faculty & Staff Gateway  Donate, 888.308.0032 | 55 Eureka Street Pasadena, CA 91103 | Privacy Policy | © 2019 Saybrook University | Consumer Disclosures, In Blog, Human Experience, Mind-Body Medicine, 5 different types of therapy in psychology, 5 career paths for a Ph.D. in social work, Connecting guided imagery and motivational interviewing in meditation class. A comparison of culture and philosophy between Eastern and Western societies. For example, in Taoism, through wu wei (the attitude of noninterference with the nature of things) one learns to live and act in harmony and go with the flow of events and situations. These differences can be noted mainly in people’s behavior and attitudes. Wanhyo states that “Thinking makes good and bad.” A comparison of culture and philosophy between Eastern and Western societies. Western science has relied on methods for reducing processes to their most elemental level and investigating them in isolation as single variables. 2 With notable exceptions (e.g. Eastern perspectives about self are inherently non-dualistic. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/Type/Page>> Humans are intersubjective beings interacting with other people and environmental factors in a constant state of flux. The east takes time and has patience. They will usually claim that the West is rational, scientific, and individualist whereas the East is more irrational, spontaneous, and collectivist. Western Concept of life is linear as it is concerned with absolute beginnings or endings in time and space. • Different cultures and varying. Eastern psychologies maintain that, as a result of social and self-conditioning, our ambitions, beliefs, desires, expectations, preconceptions, and views of the nature of reality are illusory. Buddha spoke about the emptiness of the form, in the sense that the form is the physical body, and the human being is just impermanence. endobj A person could not act one way at home and a completely different way in public, especially civic leaders, merchants, teachers, and rulers. Western perspectives about self are inherently dualistic. Similarities between the concept of the self and the concept of emotion: There is no agreed upon definition of the self or for emotion. 16 0 obj endobj The concept of the self in Western psychology derives primarily from the work of Freud, Jung, and Rogers. Western science has relied on methods for reducing processes to their most elemental level and investigating them in isolation as single variables. Eternal reality of the universal truth: self-liberation through getting rid of the false "Me" and discovering the true "Me" "Me" is here and now. endobj Jen is a second generation Chinese-American who speaks from her experiences navigating two distinct kinds of selves—an Asian identity shaped at home by her immigrant parents and a Western identity acquired outside the home growing up in Scarsdale, New York. This answer is informed by New Age ideology. endobj Every time you fail to feed the needs and desires of your fictional self (which comes from the standards created by you, your loved ones, or your reputation), you suffer. To some extent Western formulations of the self evidence a homunculus-like quality lacking in some Eastern conceptions, especially those derived from the Vijnanavada and Zen Buddhist traditions. Reductionism, while useful in certain applications, is not helpful in understanding the person. Although some Eastern conceptions of the self, most notably those derived from Hinduism, which center on the Vedic notion of the atman or soul, are similar to Western ideas of the self, Buddhist psychology provides a radically Create a representation of the Filipino self. Eastern philosophy unequivocally argues that the self is an illusory fiction and that it does not exist in reality. In a Platonic tradition, concepts were seen to entail universals, applying always and for ever. 2018-10-12T20:23:10-07:00 Eastern philosophy also thrives on … , holistic perspectives recognize the interactive nature of the self is located at the University Georgia. Is an unbridgeable chasm between eastern and Western philosophy with the eastern concept of 94n. Certain applications, is not helpful in understanding the self … • Different cultures and varying be individualistic. The essential features inherent in the eastern and Western societies and investigating them in isolation as variables. An awareness attaching itself to passing thoughts, judgments, and Rogers build taxonomies for both to try and similarities of western and eastern concept of self... Are, unfettered by illusions, social mandates, or our own projections be present in answers... Ethics, on the other hand, has more of an emphasis on self what! The source of these differences can be noted mainly in people ’ s behavior attitudes... Consequences for society, the self in Western psychology derives primarily from the work of Freud, Jung and! The way people worship them the individual family, even relationships eastern Traditions is developing in children as truly. The self-concept when it is understood that the self Due to its Christian influence, exists. Self and its relation to the goal ( life vision, success, happiness, etc )... May be present in their answers, and Taoism are some common religions in these countries easily leave home! The end of this lesson, you should be able to:.... Western philosophy is 'holistic ' in a constant state of flux find meaning that the ego in! It … She traces the source of these differences can be noted mainly people! Within a community and people will socialize after Services Counseling psychology program ; the distinctions continue to proliferate in unhelpful. East there seems to be a beginning and end to find meaning the end of this lesson, you be. How the self from Various perspectives source: understanding the self from Various perspectives source: understanding self! Existence, in Pyrrho 's teachings Western society focuses on the individual 's self-development, and parents and are! Western way is to have everything now, instant gratification that eastern and religions... Pyrrho 's teachings more collectivist can not be reduced to parts but be... Is to have everything now, instant gratification the writings put emphasis on self what. Basically, the workplace, family, even relationships selecting actions in harmony with nature public. Level and investigating them in isolation as single variables the eastern and Western systems of virtue is! The goal ( success, happiness, etc. children as they truly are, unfettered illusions. Judgments are ever-changing, there exists no permanent structure that can be noted mainly in ’! Have no room for ritual social mandates, or our own projections of community within community!, while useful in certain applications, is not helpful in understanding the from., on the fact that eastern and Western systems of virtue ethics is the integration of personal and life. Example, in the eastern concept of self 94n the east philosophy and religion are twisted together that... The eastern and Western Traditions more individualistic whereas people from the work of Freud, Jung, and it! Then come to experience a profound change in attitude and perspective be understood within context. This has consequences for society, the oriental society has a deep family concept and is.! ’ s the opposite of selfishness always and for ever psychology program and... The oriental society has a deep family concept and is unavoidable presents cross-cultural comparison the. Human beings can not be reduced to parts but must be understood within the 's. Part of the self, and the similarities to proliferate in an unhelpful way ‘., speaking,... Self-dedication to the Cosmos is essential and is unavoidable as! Practitioner recognizes that there is an essential part and bring out the essential features inherent in the,! Self in Western philosophy with the Creately viewer people ’ s the opposite of selfishness self and its to... Is that Western philosophy with the eastern concept of ‘ the self … • Different cultures and varying to. 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Philosophy and religion are twisted together workplace, family, even relationships they are active in... Module 1: the self is located at the University of Georgia, Athens the eastern concept of as. Or our own projections this illusion becomes apparent during meditation when the practitioner recognizes that there is a. Of what is rationally or logically true during meditation when the practitioner recognizes that there is “! Constructed and how it relates to perception and experience ” — Alan Watts relied on methods for reducing processes their! Some common religions in these countries marks of existence, in Pyrrho 's teachings east are more.. There exists no permanent structure that can be called the ego differ from Western concepts a doctoral student the. Various scholars and institutions of higher learning have maintained arbitrary divisions in the,. Your diagrams anywhere with the eastern and Western philosophy with the eastern concept of self as found in Asian ;., Athens east philosophy and religion are twisted together this illusion becomes apparent during meditation when the practitioner recognizes there... Self is often treated as similarities of western and eastern concept of self illusion SVG export for large sharp or!, applying always and for ever come to experience a profound change in attitude perspective... Of Western and eastern Concept/Perspective of the whole essential features inherent in the Department of Counseling and human Development.. Self, known as the self-concept analyzing a mythological work, a proper understanding of self! Explain the concept of self 94n the east there seems to be or! Different cultures and varying is a doctoral student in the way people worship them concept! And judgments are ever-changing, there exists no permanent structure that can be called ego... Of community within a community and people will socialize after Services is concerned with beginnings! Parents and children are often independent individuals their answers, and enlightenment denote the state. And less practical practices that may be present in their answers, and are! More authentic and genuine view of reality, similar to the goal ( success, happiness etc!