Some of the famous artists of classical music include Ustad Sarahang and Sarban. Afghanistan is bordered by Pakistan to the east and south; Iran to the west; Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north; and China to the northeast. The ongoing war between the government and the Taliban has contributed to the perpetuation of Afghanistan's problematic human rights record including complications of women's rights, with numerous abuses committed by both sides, such as the killing of civilians. As well as Pashtun and Tajik communities, who make up the majority of Afghans, there is a significant ḤazÄra population, along with Uzbek, Turkmen, and other groups. [206] The CIA Factbook variously estimates up to 89.7% Sunni or up to 15% Shia. The International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) was established by the UN Security Council to help assist the Karzai administration and provide basic security. [51] Mahmud made Ghazni into an important city and patronized intellectuals such as the historian Al-Biruni and the poet Ferdowsi. [344][345] The country's maternal mortality rate is 396 deaths/100,000 live births and its infant mortality rate is 66[345] to 112.8 deaths in every 1,000 live births. A further 10 other ethnic groups are recognized and each are represented in the Afghan National Anthem. Browse more videos. [64] The Afghan dynasty was ousted from Persia by Nader Shah after the 1729 Battle of Damghan. Afghanistan is a Dari (Persian) and Pashto speaking country that does not border with any sea. Afghanistan has a wide variety of birds despite its relatively arid climate – an estimated 460 species of which 235 breed within. Every year hundreds of Afghan police are killed in the line of duty. There is no coastline, as Afghanistan is landlocked. [285] It is also one of the world's top producers of cannabis. He defeated Gurgin Khan and made Afghanistan independent. [212] Afghan Christians, who number 500–8,000, practice their faith secretly due to intense societal opposition, and there are no public churches. The team eventually made it and played in the 2015 Cricket World Cup. Afterward, the 1964 constitution was formed, and the first non-royal Prime Minister was sworn in.[82]. [188], Several types of mammals exist throughout Afghanistan. [180] Afghanistan receives heavy snow during the winter in the Hindu Kush and Pamir Mountains, and the melting snow in the spring season enters the rivers, lakes, and streams. [300] Government officials estimate that 30% of the country's untapped mineral deposits are worth at least $1 trillion. [412] Several international celebrations are also officially held in Afghanistan, such as International Workers' Day and International Women's Day. [408][409], Religious festivals are also celebrated; as a predominantly Muslim country, Islamic events and festivals such as Ramadan, Eid al-Fitr and Ashura are widely celebrated annually in Afghanistan. Afghanistan also has diplomatic relations with neighboring China, Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan, including with regional states such as Bangladesh, Japan, Kazakhstan, Nepal, Russia, South Korea, and the UAE. The Afghan people are known to be strongly religious. [287][288] Production hit record high in 2019 (19,469 kg of saffron), and one kilogram is sold domestically between $634 and $1147. In 2009 Afghanistan designated a portion of the Hindu Kush Mountains, known as Band-e Amir, their first national park. All parts of Afghanistan are considered dangerous due to militant activities and terrorism-related incidents. "America with her rich and modern weaponry knelt down to us mujahedeen. [395] The dance is considered part of Afghan identity. [333][334] There are various proposals for the construction of additional rail lines in the country. Kabul has historically been the melting pot of the diverse ethnic groups who inhabit Afghanistan. Despite the Pashtuns having been dominant in Afghan politics for centuries, Dari remained the preferred language for government and bureaucracy.[202]. In 1893, Mortimer Durand made Amir Abdur Rahman Khan sign a controversial agreement in which the ethnic Pashtun and Baloch territories were divided by the Durand Line. [201], Dari and Pashto are the official languages of Afghanistan; bilingualism is very common. The largest urban centre in the country and also its political and economic hub, the city forms one of several districts of Kabul province. [82] The country built close relationships with the Axis powers, with Germany having the largest share in Afghan development at the time, along with Italy and Japan. Their efforts to bring Afghanistan into the Central Powers failed, but it caused discontent among the population for keeping neutrality against the British. [342] The Afghan National Security Forces are provided with mandatory literacy courses. [71][72] Following an uprising, the 1842 retreat from Kabul of British-Indian forces and the annihilation of Elphinstone's army, and the Battle of Kabul that led to its recapture, the British placed Dost Mohammad Khan back into power and withdrew their military forces from Afghanistan. [89], In September 1979, PDPA General Secretary Taraki was assassinated in an internal coup orchestrated by fellow Khalq member, then-Prime minister Hafizullah Amin, who assumed the new general secretary of the People's Democratic Party. [324] It is the only land route that connects Central Asia to the Indian subcontinent. The deputy governor of the Afghan capital of Kabul was killed on Tuesday in a bomb attack on his car as he went to work, security officials said. KABUL (Reuters) - The deputy governor of the Afghan capital of Kabul was killed on Tuesday in ⦠By Reuters Staff. Kabul - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Kabul - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up). This growth continued through the 1980s, when villagers from areas affected by the Afghan War (1978â92) migrated to the relative safety of Kabul. It quickly turned into a proxy war as the Pakistani government provided these rebels with covert training centers, the United States supported them through Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI),[87] and the Soviet Union sent thousands of military advisers to support the PDPA regime. Some of the other leading hospitals in Kabul include the Jamhuriat Hospital and Jinnah Hospital. The decades of war Press restrictions have been civilians '' during this turbulent period, Afghanistan was over! 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